2020

"Contemporary trends in party organization: Revisiting intra-party democracy" Party Politics, 26 (2020), 3-8, with Gabriela Borz.

Reviews the most important advances in the literature and critically examine issues such as: the link between party organization literature and organizational theory literature, between party organization and intra-party democracy or between party organization on paper and in reality.

2018

"Manifestos and the ''two faces'' of parties: Addressing both members and voters with one document" in Party Politics, 24 (May, 2018), 278-288, (With Robert Harmel, Alexander C. Tan, and Jason Matthew Smit)

Argues that projection of a party’Äôs ’Äò’Äòimage’Äô’Äô and its ’Äò’Äòidentity’Äô’Äô are two different functions for a manifesto, not just one, and that it is important for the building and testing of theory that this distinction be maintained.

2013

"Do Party Systems Matter? Harvard International Review, 34 (Spring, 2013), 63-67.

Demonstrates that party system competitiveness and stability are related to the World Bank's measure, Rule of Law, in hundred of countries. See more complete data in Party Systems and Country Governance.

2012

"Governance in Democracies and Non-Democracies," in Ann Marie Bissessar (ed.), Governance: Is It for Everyone? (Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, 2012), pp. 141-159.

Assesses the strength of that theory using the 2007 Worldwide Governance Indicators for 212 countries and their ratings by Freedom House as Free, Partly Free, or Not Free. Controlling for country size and wealth, regression analyses explain upwards of sixty percent of the variance in WGI scores.

2011

"Party Systems and Country Governance," Vox POP, 28 (Summer, 2011), pp. 1-2,

Country governance refers to the extent to which a state delivers to its citizens the desired benefits of government at acceptable costs. This note describes" how Jin-Yung Kwak and I address the question: "Does the nature of a country's political party system affect the quality of its governance?" in Party Systems and Country Governance.

 

"Party Law," in The Encyclopedia of Political Science, Volume 4, (Washington, DC: CQPress, 2011), 1190-1191.

Party law refers to governmental regulations concerning the organization, operation, and activities of a nation's political parties and to internal rules formulated by individual political parties to govern themselves.

 

"Interest Aggregation and Articulation,"in The Encyclopedia of Political Science, Volume 3, (Washington, DC: CQPress, 2011), 798-799.

Citizens with similar political interests often organize into interest groups, which exert influne on politics through the related, but very different, concepts of interest articulation and interest aggregation.

2010

"Party System Effects on Country governance: A Cross-National Analysis," Korean Political Science Review, 45 (No. 3, 2010), 7-41. (with Jin-Young Kwak)

Country governance is defined as the extent to which a state delivers desired benefits of government at acceptable costs. Standard theory in comparative political parties says that the quality of country governance should be better in countries (1) with party systems than without them, (2) where party systems are competitive, (3) where party systems are aggregative, and (4) where party systems are stable. We test those propositions using the 2007 Worldwide Governance Indicators for 212 countries matched with our own. comprehensive set of data for the same countries.

 

"Measuring Party System: Revisiting Competiveness and Volatility in Parliamentary Party Systems," The Korean Journal of Area Studies, 28 (August, 2010), 21-49 (with Jin-Young Kwak)

This study aims to generate indicators of party system applicable to studies of measuring the party system, and to conceptualize party system properties with eight measures of party system, i.e., strength of the largest party, actual number of parties in parliament, fractionalization index by Rae, effective number of parties by Laakso and Taagepera, aggregation index by Mayer, volatility seat renovated from Pederson's, strength of the second largest party and the strength of the third largest parties.

 

"Country Governance, Rule of Law, and Party Systems," in the Russian language journal, Political Science, (No. 4, 2010), 113-142. See the Russian language version ¬´GOVERNANCE¬ª, ­í­ï­Ý­€­û­í­ï­ù­°­¢­í­û ­ó­ê­ö­û­ù­ê ­ò ­ü­ê­Ý­¢­ò­ô­ù­´­ï ­°­ò­°­¢­ï­ú­´

The issue in answering the question’Äî’ÄúWhat is governance?’Äù’Äîis whether its definition advances understanding. In other words, is the concept linked to the term useful to inquiry? If so, how? This paper links governance to national politics, specifically to how well governments function in different countries.

2008

"Assessing Laws That Ban Party Switching, Defecting or Floor-Crossing in National Parliaments," in Democracy Unit, Terugroeprect (Recall) (Parimaribo, Suriname: University of Suriname, 2008), pp. 83-113.

Studies changes in parliamentary members' party affiliations in nations across the world. It examines the extent of party change; how this phenomenon has been studied; why some scholars favor banning parliamentary party switching; why politicians have legislated against party defections; the extent of such legislation; and the consequences of such bans for political parties' and party systems.

1998

"Effects of Party Organization on Performance during the 'Golden Age' of Parties," Political Studies, XLVI (1998), 611-63--with Tyler Colman.

Our findings on party organization and performance support arguments that Maurice Duverger made in his 1959 book, Political Parties, published during the "Golden Age" of political parties.

 

"Famine to Feast: New Books on Comparative Party Politics," International Politics, 35 (June, 1998), 233-240.

Review essay concerning Peter Mair, Party System Change: Approaches and Interpretations (1997),; Moshe Maor, Political Parties and Party Systems: Comparative Approaches and the British Experience (1997); and Alan Ware, Political Parties and Party Systems (1996).

1995

"Performance, Leadership, Factions, and Party Change: An Empirical Analysis," West European Politics, 18 (January, 1995), 1-33. (With Robert Harmel, Uk Heo, and Alexander Tan)

Reports the first empirical findings based on data from a major study of party change, studying both internal and external factors. The data provide support for the conclusion that electoral performance alone is not sufficient as an explanation for parties' decisions to change, and that new leaders and/or dominant factions make a difference.

 

"Changes in Party Identity: Evidence from Party Manifestos," Party Politics, 1 (April, 1995), 171-196, with Robert Harmel, Christine Edens, and Patricia Goff.

Studies whether parties change their images after a disastrous election defeat and involves a systematic analysis of manifestos by eight parties in Britain, Germany and the USA prior to national elections in the 1950s through 1980s. Each election was classified as triumphal, gratifying, tolerable, disappointing or calamitous from the standpoint of each party.

1994

"An Integrated Theory of Party Goals and Party Change," Journal of Theoretical Politics, 6 (July, 1994), 259-287. (With Robert Harmel) Reprinted in Steven B. Wolinetz, (Ed.), Political Parties (Hampshire, U.K., Dartmouth Publishing, 1998).

Presents a formal theory with definitions, assumptions, and testable propositions of how parties change.

1993

"Comparative Political Parties: Research and Theory," in Ada W. Finifter (ed.), Political Science: The State of the Discipline II. Washington, D.C.: American Political Science Association, 1993. Pp. 163-191. Also published as "Sravnitel'noe izuchenie politicheskikh partii," in G. Golosov and L. Galinka (eds.), Sovremennaia Sravnitel'naia Politologiia (Moscow: Moscow Public Science Foundation, 1997), pp. 84-143. ["Comparative Study of Political Parties," in Contemporary Comparative Politology, translated by G. Golosov]

Reviews the state of research in publications since 1980 that take an explicitly comparative approach to the analysis of political parties. It cites 261 items in the bibliography at the end. Although it refers to earlier writings and to some single-country studies, it does so only to make certain points. This essay does not pretend to cover all important articles before 1980 nor all examples of outstanding research on parties in individual countries. With two exceptions, every citation is in English, which distinctly limits the scope of this review.

 

"Patterns in Former Communist Countries" section in "Political Parties and Party Systems" in Encyclopaedia Britannica (1993)

Brief summary of changes in party politics after collapse of the Soviet Union.

1989

"Regional and Religious Support of Political Parties and Effects on Their Issue Positions," International Political Science Review, 10 (1989), 349-370.

Focuses on the cleavage factors of region and religion in group support of national political parties. It discusses problems in analyzing these factors across cultures and illustrates the problems by analyzing social support for approximately 150 parties in 53 nations in all cultural-geographical areas of the world.

1985

"Formalizing and Testing Duverger's Theories on Political Parties," Comparative Political Studies, 18 (July, 1985), 139-169. (With Desmond King) Reprinted in Steven B. Wolinetz, (Ed.), Political Parties (Hampshire, U.K., Dartmouth Publishing, 1998).

Identifies Duverger's key concepts on party structure, links the concepts in 19 formal bivariate propositions, operationalizes the concepts using data from a worldwide sample of 147 parties in 53 countries, and tests all 19 propositions. Twelve are supported by the cross-national empirical test.

 

"Ecology of Party Strength in Western Europe: A Regional Analysis," Comparative Political Studies, 18 (July, 1985), 170-169. (With Svante Ersson and Jan-Erik Lane)

Ecological factors at the regional level within each country account for 75% of the variance in support for 93 parties over three elections during the 1970s. More than half of the "regional" variance could be explained by five "structural" properties of the regions: industry, agriculture, affluence, religion, and ethnicity.

1984

"Concepts to Data: The Problem of Political Parties," European Political Data Newsletter, No. 53 (December, 1984), 13-23.

Reprinted in part in International Classification, 11 (1984), 100-102. Describes the crucial concepts-to-data theoretical linkage in a large scale research project comparing political parties across the world. The project covered 158 parties operating during 1950 to 1962 in 53 countries representing all regions of the world. The data sources consisted of more than 60 000 pages of material on over 3 500 books, articles, newspapers, and other documents.

1983

"How Well Does 'Region' Explain Political Party Characteristics?" Political Geography, 2 (1983), 197-203. (With Robin Gillies)

Applies analysis of variance to 11 organizational characteristics of 147 political parties from 53 countries representing a stratified random sample of party systems in 10 cultural-geographic regions of the world. The study finds significant differences between the regional groupings of parties on all characteristics, with region predicting from 11 to 52 per cent of the variance in individual party traits.

 

"Cross-National Measures of Party Organizations and Organizational Theory," European Journal of Political Research, 11 (Winter, 1983), 319-332.

Discusses the relevance of organizational theory to the study of party organization and proposes four measures of party organization that have been used with some success in the study of 158 parties in 53 countries. It concludes by describing some relationships between party organization and party performance.

1982

"Managing Qualitative Information and Quantitative Data on Political Parties," Social Science Information Studies, 2 (1982), 113-129.

Describes methods for managing information on 158 political parties from 53 countries during 1950-1962. Information obtained from bibliographic searches and correspondence was stored on microfilm; the MIRACODE system was used for retrieval. Researchers scored the parties examined on thirteen different issues along a scale ranging from +5 (leftist) to -5 (rightist). Each code assigned was accompanied by a discussion of the coding judgments and a code to indicate adequacy of the information and the researcher’Äôs degree of confidence.

 

"The Logic of Political Ecology Analysis," in Dag Anckar, Erik Damgaard, and Henry Valen (Eds.), Partier, Ideologier, Valjare. Abo, Finland: Abo Akademi, 1982. Pp. 211-263. (with Svante Ersson and Jan-Erik Lane)

We find both national determinants and regional factors that affect political alignments. It seems as if the extent of regional variation in Western Europe has beenunderestimated. The ecological models seem to do what one may expect from them: they explain well in some countries and for some parties, but they do not capture all the variance.

 

"What's in a Name? Party Labels Around the World," in F. W. Riggs (ed.), The COCTA Conference: Proceedings of the Conference on Conceptual and Terminological Analysis in the Social Sciences. Frankfurt: Indeks Verlag, 1982. Pp. 46-55

. Nearly 90% of the world's parties have names that symbolize popular government, political ideology, integrationist sentiment, or specific groups. Fully 22 percent, one party in every five, is stylized in some way or other as 'democratic', with 'national' being the most frequent symbol (17%). Contrary to the common view of party as 'part' of a society, more parties (27%) make integrationist appeals than group-specific appeals (15%).

1980

"A Note on Measures of Party System Change," Comparative Political Studies, 12 (January, 1980), 412-423.

In this symposium Mogens Pedersen argues against measuring party system change by comparing stalic measures of "fractionalization," and proposes a measure based on (,.-IHInges in party strength from time I to time 2, Shankar Bose proposes a related measure of party system change that combines changes in strength with changes in party continuity over time. This article compares their measures as applied to data from tcn party systems.

 

"A Comparative Analysis of Party Organizations--U.S., Europe, and the World," in William J. Crotty (ed.), The Party Symbol. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1980. Pp. 339-358.

Compares both American parties with 145 parties across the world. American parties rate lower on centralization of power, coherence, and involvement than do competitive parties in Western Europe, competitive parties outside of Europe, and parties worldwide, but concerning their degree of organization (structural differentiation) they are comparable to Western European parties.

1975

"A World-Wide Study of Political Parties," in Benjamin Mittman and Lorraine Borman (Eds.), Personalized Data Base Systems. New York: Wiley, 1975. Pp. 129-137.

The International Comparative Political Parties Project encompasses 154 parties operating from 1950 to 1962 in 52 countries. The countries ¬…constitute a stratified random sample representing ten cultural-geographical areas of the world. Within each chosen country, all the parties that met our minimum standards of strength and stability were selected for study-including illegal as well as legal parties. Thus we have a representative sample of parties across the world which reflects the full variation of cultural conditions, party systems, and party types. This study describes the RIOQS computer system for handling the thousands of pages of text describing the parties.

1973

"The Status of the International Comparative Political Parties Project," International Studies Newsletter (Fall, 1973), 49-52.

A note on the status of the ICPP project to study a random sample of political parties in fifty countries drawn from ten cultural-geographic regions of the world.

1970

"Data Quality Control and Library Research on Political Parties," in Raoul Naroll and Ronald Cohen (Eds.), The Handbook of Method in Cultural Anthropology. New York: Natural History Press, 1970. Pp. 962-973.

Describes an ’Äúadequacy-confidence’Äù scale that expresses our evaluation of the quality of the data in our files that underlie each variable code.

1968

"Retrieving Information for a Comparative Study of Political Parties," in William J. Crotty (ed.), Approaches to the Study of Party Organization. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1968. Pp. 159-215.

Describes plans for a comparative study of virtually all the world's established political parties in the period 1950-1962. Data for the study will be derived from the vast published literature on political parties which has been produced since 1950. The broad methodological problem that confronts the study is to gather, process and analyze the enormous amount of information to be found in the literature. This chapter reviews the history and background of the project and sets forth the various information retrieval techniques proposed for assembling the data.

 

"Political Research with Miracode--A 16mm. Microfilm Information Retrieval System," Social Science Information, 6 (April-June, 1967), 169-181. Reprinted in NMA Journal, 1 (Winter, 1968), 41-47.

MIRACODE is an acronym for ¬´ Microfilm Information Retrieval Access CODE, Eastman Kodak’Äôs system for storage and retrieval with 16 mm microfilm. The basic components of the MIRACODE system are a special microfilm camera and microfilm reader. The system can store and retrieve individual pages of original documents according to one or more three-digit code numbers assigned to the input material. The information codes have been organized in an attempt to answer several basic questions about political parties.

2010

"Party Systems Effects on Country Governance, II" Paper presented at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the America Political Science Association, Washington, DC. (with Jin-young Kwak and Julieta Suarez-Cao)

Describes research recently completed for a forthcoming book, Party Systems and Country Governance. The paper’Äôs presentation parallels chapters in the forthcoming book. It provides thumbnail sketches of the first five chapters and summaries of later ones. It is also the sequel to a paper delivered at the 2010 meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association. This paper summarizes research methodology reported at greater length in the Midwest paper and uses two additional variables. Its extended findings show that party system traits have significant and relatively consistent effects on country governance in 212 countries, as measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators.

 

"Party System Effects on Country Governance, I" Paper presented at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago. (with Jin-young Kwak and Julieta Suarez-Cao)

Reviewed various measures of party system properties and identified party system fragmentation, competitiveness, and volatility as central to scholarly attention and party theory. Assembling a unique set of data on seats held by parliamentary parties over two elections in 189 countries, we created measures for each of the three dimensions. We then tested three standard theories of the effects of party systems on country governance, using primarily data on the Rule of Law in 211 countries assembled in a World Bank project for 2007.

2009

"Competition and Volatility in Parliamentary Party Systems for 212 Polities," Paper presehted at the 2009 Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago. (with Jinyoung Kwak)

We demonstrate the effects of country size, wealth, and politics on the World Bank’Äôs Indicators (WGI) representing the quality of governance in 212 polities in 2007. These indicators, created by Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (KKM), covered all 192 members of the United Nations.

 

"Laws Against Party Switching, Defecting or Floor-Crossing in National Parliaments," Paper presented at the 2009 World Congress of the International Political Science Association, Santiago, Chile.

Parliamentary members who switch parties during the session may be expelled from parliament because they violate the law in their country. This paper studies such ’Äúanti-defection’Äù laws. It investigates the extent of such legislation; why and how often legislators switch parties; how this phenomenon has been studied; why some scholars favor banning party switching; why politicians have legislated against party defections; and the consequences of such bans for political parties and party systems.

2007

"Assessing Laws That Ban Party Switching, Defecting, or Floor-Crossing in National Parliaments," Paper prepared for the United Nations Development Program Workshop, "Right to Recall: A Right of the Party or of the Electorate?" Hotel Krasnapolsky, Paramaribo, Suriname, August 11, 2007.

This paper studies changes in parliamentary members’Äô party affiliations in nations across the world. It examines the extent of party change; how this phenomenon has been studied; why some scholars favor banning parliamentary party switching; why politicians have legislated against party defections; the extent of such legislation; and the consequences of such bans for political parties and party systems.

2006

"Creating a Cross-National Database of Party Laws," Prepared for delivery at the 2006 Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, April 22, Chicago, Illinois.

I describe a computer database of 1,101 party laws enacted in 169 nations. The database was created to assess ’Äúhow nations govern political parties.’Äù Each entry in the database is tagged by the law’Äôs origin (constitutions, national legislation, court rulings, and so on) and its target: political parties, political groups, elections, campaigns, candidates, voters, or government. I used the database in ’ÄúAdopting Party Law.’Äù

 

"How Nations Govern Political Parties," Prepared for delivery at the 2006 World Congress of the International Political Science Association, July 12, Fukuoka, Japan.

Describes my crossnational survey of over 1,000 government regulations in 169 countries that affect the legal status of parties, their activities, finances, campaigns, candidates, organization, and other aspects of party politics. This inventory of government regulations concerning political parties has been compiled into a database that can be queried to answer questions about the shape and extent of the legal framework under which parties operate.

 

"Measuring National Performance on Models of Party Regulation," Prepared for delivery at the Expert Meeting on Political Party Development in Conflict-prone Societies, Organized by the Clingendael Institute, October 25, 2006; The Hague, Netherlands.

Formulates five models reflecting different ways in which nations have regulated parties through their policies. These models were described as ones of proscription, prescription, permission, promotion, or protection of parties and party activities. The paper has three parts: (1) a description of five models for regulating political parties and the general approach to scoring nations on each model; (2) a data report on the scoring results; and (3) an evaluation of the methodological difficulties in the study.

 

"Six Issues in Regulating Political Parties," Prepared for delivery at the Expert Meeting on Political Party Development in Conflict-prone Societies, Organized by the Clingendael Institute, October 25, 2006; The Hague, Netherlands.

Six key issues in regulating parties that deserve special attention: (1) civil prerequisites of the political system, (2) the legal level of the regulation, (3) the role of political parties in presidential governments, (4) differences between parliamentary and presidential governments in the regulation of political parties, (5) differences between intra-party and inter-party democracy, and (6) the type of produced by the regulations’Äîaggregative or articulative.

 

"Clarifying Concepts in Democracy Assistance: 'Engineering' v. 'Regulating'" Prepared for delivery at the Expert Meeting on Political Party Development in Conflict-prone Societies, Organized by the Clingendael Institute, October 25, 2006; The Hague, Netherlands.

Contends that ’Äúengineering’Äù and ’Äúregulating’Äù are fundamentally different processes that fit different stages of political development.

2005

"Goldilocks and Party Law: How Much Law Is Just Right?" Prepared for delivery at the American Political Science Association "Short Course" on Political Parties in Emerging Democracies," Washington, DC, August 31, 2005.

How closely should nations regulate political parties? If governments have no laws stating what parties can and cannot do, nations risk ruthless politics with little or no public accountability. If governments enact strict laws specifying how parties should organize, campaign, and operate, nations might discourage or prevent political parties from participating in public affairs. Should parties have free rein to do as they wish? Or should parties be governed by comprehensive laws?

2004

"Role of Law in Political Party Change," Paper prepared for "Change in Political Parties," a Policy Roundtable Sponsored by the U.S. Agency for International development and the Association Liaison Office for University Cooperation in Development, Washington, D.C., October 1, 2004

. Considers electoral law, party law, and party finance) as major aspects of the legal framework for direct regulation; and two other major targets of indirect regulation: campaigns and candidates.

2003

"Political Parties Research Via the Internet," Prepared for delivery at the 19th World Congress of the International Political Science Association Durban, South Africa, June 29-July 4, 2003 (with Jeffrey Cousens and Michael J. Faber).

Part I of Political Parties now exists in its entirety on the internet at http://janda.org/icpp/ICPP1980/index.htm, and portions of Part II are also available there. All pagination in the original text was preserved in posting the text on the web site. For example, page 109 in Political Parties is a single page on the web site--numbered as page 109--that contains exactly the same information as the same page in the book. The only difference is that the text on the web page is presented in a single column, whereas the book is printed in a double-column format. Also, the data tables in the book have been converted to graphs on the web site, and the web site is helpfully augmented with navigational aids. Nevertheless, a scholar can cite the published book directly by citing any page on its web site.

2000

"The International Comparative Political Parties Project: 1980 to 2000," presented at the "Political Organizations and Parties Section of the 2000 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D.C.

Political Parties: A Cross-National Survey, was published in 1980, but the quantitative data on 158 parties in 53 countries were publicly available in 1979, when the Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research released the data as Study 7534 and published its accompanying codebook, Comparative Political Parties Data 1950-1962. Numerous scholars and students subsequently obtained and used the data files from the ICPSR, but the data codes cannot be thoroughly understood apart from the parent reference book. (Go to the Data section of this website for access to an SPSS file for easy analysis.)

 

1995

"Substance v. Packaging: An Empirical Analysis of Parties' Issue Identity," paper delivered at the 1995 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, September 1. (With Robert Harmel and Alex Tan)

To the extent that a party’Äôs identity is found in its platform, it is embodied largely, if not exclusively, in the substantive content of its issue positions. The party’Äôs image, on the other hand, is projected through the manifesto’Äôs packaging, as indicated ’Äì in significant part ’Äì by the relative emphases placed across a range of issues. See publication

1994

"Why Parties Change: Some New Evidence Using Party Manifestos," (see 1995 publication) paper delivered at the XIII World Congress of Sociology, Bielefeld, Germany, July 18-23, 1994 (with Christine Edens and Patricia Goff)

We use data from the European party manifesto project to identify times at which parties changed dramatically in their issue positions between adjacent elections. We then match those changes against a classification of elections to determine whether changes in issue positions tend to follow instances of electoral defeat. We find strong evidence that electoral defeat is a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for parties to change their principles--or at least how their principles are packaged in election manifestos.

 

"Change in Party Identity: Evidence from Party Manifestos," (see publication above)paper delivered at the 1994 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, New York, September 1-4.

.Studies whether parties change their images after a disastrous election defeat and involves a systematic analysis of manifestos by eight parties in Britain, Germany and the USA prior to national elections in the 1950s through 1980s. Each election was classified as triumphal, gratifying, tolerable, disappointing or calamitous from the standpoint of each party.

 

"Restructuring the Party Systems in Central Europe," paper delivered at an International Symposium, Democratization and Political Reform in Korea, sponsored by the Korean Political Science Association, Seoul, Korea, November 19, 1994.

(1) To what extent are individual parties in central and eastern Europe becoming institutionalized? (2) How stable (or how volatile) are the voting patterns for parties across elections? (3) How does the experience of these "postauthoritarian" elections compare with the first elections in Western Europe following the end of World War II? This paper will offer some answers to these questions with specific reference to the political experience of four central European countries: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia.

1993

"Performance, Leadership, Factions, and Party Change: An Empirical Analysis," (see publication) paper delivered at the 1993 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D.C., September.

Reports the first empirical findings based on data from a major study of party change, studying both internal and external factors. The data provide support for the conclusion that electoral performance alone is not sufficient as an explanation for parties' decisions to change, and that new leaders and/or dominant factions make a difference.

1992

"Environment, Performance, and Leadership as Factors in Party Change,"

paper delivered at the 1992 Workshop of the European Consortium for Political Research, University of Limerick, Ireland (with Robert Harmel)

"An Integrated Theory of Party Goals and Party Change," (see publication)

paper delivered at the 1992 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, September 3-6 (with Robert Harmel).

1991

"Beliefs, Values, and Ethical Choices in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union,"

talk at the seminar on "Beliefs, Values, and Ethical Choices in Today's World," Aspen Institute, Aspen, Colorado, July 28-August 2, 1991.

 

"Presidential Elections in Russia and the United States: Is Majority Popular Vote Desirable?" Paper delivered at the Conference on Political Analysis, Institute of Socio-Political Research, Moscow, December 10-14, 1991.

Russia faces many challenges to its young democracy. I will address only two key problems: (1) achieving democracy within the framework of a presidential form of government, and (2) avoiding the development of a fractionalized multiparty system.

1990

"Toward a Performance Theory of Change in Political Parties," paper delivered at the 12th World Congress of the International Sociological Association, Research Committee 18, Section 4, "Modeling Party Change," Madrid, Spain, July 9-13, 1990.

My theory has these characteristics: (1) It focuses on changes in individual parties, rather than changes in party systems. (2) It draws heavily on ideas from organizational theory modified to fit the special nature of parties as organizations. (3) It assumes that the poor performance of political parties provides impetus for party change. (4) It encompasses virtually all aspects of party change. The theory will be presented in four sections, corresponding to each of these points.

1988

"Region and Religion as Factors Underlying Support for National Political Parties," (see publication)

paper delivered at the XIV World Congress of the International Political Science Association, Sheraton Washington Hotel, Washington, D.C., August 28-September 1, 1988.

1987

"Rags and Riches in the Cross-National Literature on Political Parties,"

paper presented at the 1987 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association.

1985

"Studies on Party Organization from the International Comparative Political Parties Project,"

paper prepared for a Roundtable on Research on Party Organization, 1985 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, New Orleans.

1983

"Testing Duverger's Theories on Political Parties," (see publication)

paper delivered the 1983 Meeting of the International Studies Association, Mexico City. (With Desmond King)

"Concepts to Data: The Problem of Political Parties,"

paper prepared for the 1983 Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago. (see publication)

1982

"How Good Are Regional Explanations of Party Politics?" (see publication)

prepared for delivery at the 1982 Meeting of the Southwestern Political Science Association, San Antonio, March 17-21. (With Robin Gilles)

"The Logic of Political Ecology Analysis," (see publication )

prepared for delivery at the 1982 Meeting of the International Sociological Association, Mexico City, August. (With Svante Ersson and Jan-Erik Lane)

"Ecological Determinants of Regional Voting Patterns in Western Europe,"

delivered at the 1982 Meeting of the International Sociological Association, Mexico City, August. (With Svante Ersson and Jan-Erik Lane)

(psee publication)

"Cross-National Measures of Party Organizations and Organizational Theory,"

prepared for the 1982 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, The Denver Hilton Hotel, September 2-5.

1981

"What's in a Name? Party Labels Around the World,"

prepared for delivery at the Conference on Conceptual and Terminological Analysis in the Social Sciences, Bielefeld, Federal Republic of Germany, May 24-17, 1981.(see publication)

1979

"Managing Qualitative Information and Quantitative Data on Political Parties," paper delivered at the 1979 Annual Meeting of the International Political Science Association, Moscow.

A random sample of the world's parties is analyzed to determine the effect of party organization on party performance. Four dimensions of party organization were studied: complexity, centralization, involvement, and factionalism. These dimensions were related to three aspects ot party performance: electoral success, breadth of activities, and legislative cohesion. The concepts and data came from the International Comparative Political Parties Project, which covered 158 parties operating in 53 countries from 1950 to 1962. To establish the theorized causal sequence, the parties' organization in 19§0-56 was linked to their subsequent performance in 1957-62. Separate analyses were conducted for the entire set of parties and for only competitive parties in 28 democratic systems.

 

"Variations in Party Organization Across Nations and Differences in Party Performance," paper delivered at the 1979 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington.

(Followed the paper above). Almost 30 percent of the variance in electoral success among competitive parties could be attributed to differences in party complexity, centralization, and involvement. As theorized, more complex and less involved parties were higher in electoral success, and the relationship was stronger for competitive* than non-competitive parties. Contrary to expectation* however, the more centralIzed parties also tended to be more successful.

1978

"Validating a Conceptual Framework for Comparing Political Parties,"

Northwestern University, ICPP Reports No. 18 (March, 1978).

"Environmental Constraints on the Degree of Party Organization," (published as Chapter 4 in Parties and Their Environment)

paper delivered at the Conference on Political Parties in Modern Societies, Northwestern University, September 21-22, 1978.

1977

" A Survey of American Political Parties in World Perspective," paper presented for discussion at The Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions in Chicago, Summer, 1977.

This paper looks at the Republican and Democratic parties in the context of political parties across the world, providing a broad framework for evaluating "how they are" in comparison with parties elsewhere.

1975

"Social Aggregation, Articulation, and Representation of Political Parties: A Cross National Analysis," paper delivered at the 1975 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco. (With Robin Gillies)

This paper investigates social cleavages as they relate to the structure of popular support of political parties. It involves (1) a summary of some of the literature; (2) the development of three measures of the structure of party support: social representation, social aggregation, and social articulation; (3) a discussion of the International Comparative Political Parties Project data on which the analyses in the paper are based; (4) an examination^of the structure of party support in order to determine the political importance of social cleavages; and (5) an examination of the consequences of the structure of party support for the success and policies of political parties.

1974

"American and European Political Parties Compared on Organization, Centralization, Coherence, and Involvement,"

paper delivered at the 1974 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, August 29-September 2, Chicago, Illinois

1971

"Conceptual Equivalence and Multiple Indicators in the Cross-National Analysis of Political Parties," paper delivered at the Workshop on Indicators of National Development, sponsored by ISSC/UNESCO/ECPR and held in Lausanne, Switzerland, August 9-14, 1971.

This paper is divided into two parts. Part I inquires into the cross-cultural applicability of the concept of political party as a unit of analysis in comparative research. Part II investigates the conceptual equivalence of different variables that are advanced as common indicators of basic properties of parties across cultures. Both parts rely heavily on recent literature about concept formation and concept measurement in comparative politics. The outcome of Part I is the formulation of a concept of party thought to be generally applicable to cross-cultural research. The outcome of Part II is the presentation of seven sets of indicators that have satisfactorily withstood the first stage of testing for conceptual equivalence in measuring seven major concepts in the comparative analysis of political parties.

 

"Diversities Among Political Parties in Industrialized Societies," paper delivered at the Symposium on Comparative Analysis of Highly Industrialized Societies, sponsored by the International Social Science Council and held in Bellagio, Italy, August 1-17, 1971.

This paper contributes to the Symposium on Comparative Analysis of Highly Industrialized Societies by examining the means and variances of party properties (represented by the same seven concepts) when political parties are grouped into three levels of industrialization attained by their parent nations. This examination will allow for testing some rudimentary propositions concerning party properties and levels of industrialization across nations, and it will foreshadow some possible problems in building and testing any social theory that involves party variables and pertains specifically to highly industrialized societies.

 

"A Technique for Asessing the Conceptual Equivalence of Institutional Variables Across and Within Culture Areas," Prepared for delivery at the 1971 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, Illinois, September 7-11.

This technique was developed to cope with the. problem of assessing the "equivalence" of observations made on political parties in different cultural contexts during the course of research on the International Comparative Political Parties Project. Called Z-Score Matrix Analysis, the technique is proposed as an alternative to principal components factor analysis to determine interrelationships among sets of variables thought to^be equivalent indicators of the same concept. It is especially suited for studying interrelationships among indicators for small numbers of cases and for inquiring into the patterns of indicator covariation for specific cases. Both features are thought useful for the comparative study of political institutions.

1970

"Measuring Issue Orientations of Parties Across Nations," paper delivered at the 1970 Midwest Conference of Political Parties in Chicago.

This paper reports a preliminary analysis of data generated from the International Comparative Political Parties Project. The ICPP Project was established in 1967 to conduct the first comprehensive, empirically-based, comparative study of political parties throughout the world. It covers some 150 political parties in 50 countries, constituting about a 50% random sample of party systems stratified equally according to ten cultural-geographical areas of the world. The time period chosen for study is 1950 through 1962. Data for the analysis comes from the thousands of pages produced on party politics in our fifty countries. While essentially a library research operation, the ICPP Project uses a variety of modern microfilm and computer information processing techniques in order to manage the vast amount of printed material relevant to the research.

1969

"The International Comparative Political Parties Project,"

paper delivered at the 1969 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, New York.

1964

"A Methodological Approach to the Comparative Study of Political Parties," paper delivered at the Comparative Politics Seminar, University of Michigan, November 18, 1964

. This paper describes my plans for conducting a comparative study of all the political parties in the world. As yet, the study has no name and has no funds. The lack of a name can be rectified, temporarily at least, by referring to it as "the comparative parties project." The lack of funds cannot be solved quite so easily, but the problem will be worked on. What the parties project does have is a multi-faceted methodological approach" to the enormous task of gathering. processing and analyzing information on all the world's political parties. This paper describes that methodological approach.