2018

"Manifestos and the ''two faces'' of parties: Addressing both members and voters with one document" in Party Politics, 24 (May, 2018), 278-288, (With Robert Harmel, Alexander C. Tan, and Jason Matthew Smit)

Argues that projection of a party's "image" and its "identity" are two different functions for a manifesto, not just one, and that it is important for the building and testing of theory that this distinction be maintained.

1995

"Performance, Leadership, Factions, and Party Change: An Empirical Analysis," West European Politics, 18 (January, 1995), 1-33. (With Robert Harmel, Uk Heo, and Alexander Tan)

Reports the first empirical findings based on data from a major study of party change, studying both internal and external factors. The data provide support for the conclusion that electoral performance alone is not sufficient as an explanation for parties' decisions to change, and that new leaders and/or dominant factions make a difference.

 

"Changes in Party Identity: Evidence from Party Manifestos," Party Politics, 1 (April, 1995), 171-196, with Robert Harmel, Christine Edens, and Patricia Goff.

Studies whether parties change their images after a disastrous election defeat and involves a systematic analysis of manifestos by eight parties in Britain, Germany and the USA prior to national elections in the 1950s through 1980s. Each election was classified as triumphal, gratifying, tolerable, disappointing or calamitous from the standpoint of each party.

1994

"An Integrated Theory of Party Goals and Party Change," Journal of Theoretical Politics, 6 (July, 1994), 259-287. (With Robert Harmel) Reprinted in Steven B. Wolinetz, (Ed.), Political Parties (Hampshire, U.K., Dartmouth Publishing, 1998).

Presents a formal theory with definitions, assumptions, and testable propositions of how parties change.

2004

"Role of Law in Political Party Change," Paper prepared for "Change in Political Parties," a Policy Roundtable Sponsored by the U.S. Agency for International development and the Association Liaison Office for University Cooperation in Development, Washington, D.C., October 1, 2004

. Considers electoral law, party law, and party finance) as major aspects of the legal framework for direct regulation; and two other major targets of indirect regulation: campaigns and candidates.

1995

"Substance v. Packaging: An Empirical Analysis of Parties' Issue Identity," paper delivered at the 1995 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, September 1. (With Robert Harmel and Alex Tan)

To the extent that a party's identity is found in its platform, it is embodied largely, if not exclusively, in the substantive content of its issue positions. The party's image, on the other hand, is projected through the manifesto's packaging, as indicated—in significant part—by the relative emphases placed across a range of issues. See publication

1994

"Why Parties Change: Some New Evidence Using Party Manifestos," (see 1995 publication) paper delivered at the XIII World Congress of Sociology, Bielefeld, Germany, July 18-23, 1994 (with Christine Edens and Patricia Goff)

We use data from the European party manifesto project to identify times at which parties changed dramatically in their issue positions between adjacent elections. We then match those changes against a classification of elections to determine whether changes in issue positions tend to follow instances of electoral defeat. We find strong evidence that electoral defeat is a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for parties to change their principles--or at least how their principles are packaged in election manifestos.

 

"Change in Party Identity: Evidence from Party Manifestos," (see publication above) paper delivered at the 1994 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, New York, September 1-4.

.Studies whether parties change their images after a disastrous election defeat and involves a systematic analysis of manifestos by eight parties in Britain, Germany and the USA prior to national elections in the 1950s through 1980s. Each election was classified as triumphal, gratifying, tolerable, disappointing or calamitous from the standpoint of each party.

1993

"Performance, Leadership, Factions, and Party Change: An Empirical Analysis," (see publication) paper delivered at the 1993 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D.C., September.

Reports the first empirical findings based on data from a major study of party change, studying both internal and external factors. The data provide support for the conclusion that electoral performance alone is not sufficient as an explanation for parties' decisions to change, and that new leaders and/or dominant factions make a difference.

1992

"Environment, Performance, and Leadership as Factors in Party Change,"

paper delivered at the 1992 Workshop of the European Consortium for Political Research, University of Limerick, Ireland (with Robert Harmel)

"An Integrated Theory of Party Goals and Party Change," (see publication)

paper delivered at the 1992 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, September 3-6 (with Robert Harmel).

1990

"Toward a Performance Theory of Change in Political Parties," paper delivered at the 12th World Congress of the International Sociological Association, Research Committee 18, Section 4, "Modeling Party Change," Madrid, Spain, July 9-13, 1990.

My theory has these characteristics: (1) It focuses on changes in individual parties, rather than changes in party systems. (2) It draws heavily on ideas from organizational theory modified to fit the special nature of parties as organizations. (3) It assumes that the poor performance of political parties provides impetus for party change. (4) It encompasses virtually all aspects of party change. The theory will be presented in four sections, corresponding to each of these points.